Buddhism

Buddhism holds a significant place among the spiritual practices that shape the lives of the Vietnamese people. Alongside Confucianism, Taoism, and Christianity, it is one of the primary religions and philosophies that have profoundly impacted Vietnamese society. Additionally, a fusion of elements from Eastern religions, popular Chinese beliefs, and ancient Vietnamese animism has given rise to a unique religious synthesis known as tam giáo, or the "triple religion."

With over 60 percent of the Vietnamese population practicing some form of Buddhism, it stands as a major faith in the country. Both of its main schools, Mahayana and Theravada, have a presence in Vietnam. The dominance of Mahayana, meaning "Great Vehicle," can be attributed to the historical influence of the Chinese. The introduction of Mahayana Buddhism in northern Vietnam dates back to the 3rd century A.D.

Early History and Introduction of Buddhism in Vietnam

A Journey of Spiritual Enlightenment

Buddhism traces its origins to southern Nepal around 530 B.C. as a branch of Hinduism. Its founder, Gautama, was a prince who sought a path beyond the formalism of Hinduism as interpreted by the priestly Brahmans. Gautama engaged in years of meditation and asceticism until he discovered the path to nirvana, a state of profound serenity where one transcends the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

Buddhist doctrine teaches that human salvation lies in realizing the "four noble truths": understanding that suffering is inherent in successive lives, recognizing that craving for earthly desires and possessions causes suffering, realizing that suffering ends upon liberation from craving, and following the "noble eightfold path" to achieve this liberation. The eightfold path consists of cultivating sincerity in leading a religious life, honesty in judgment, sincerity in speech, sincerity in work, sincerity in making a living, sincerity in aspiration, sincerity in memory, and sincerity in meditation. These principles form the foundation of Buddhist morality and right conduct.

The Profound Influence of Buddhism on Vietnamese Culture

Compassion, Mindfulness, and Harmony

Vietnamese Buddhism has deeply influenced the cultural landscape, leaving an indelible mark on various aspects of society. Its core values, such as compassion, mindfulness, and non-violence, provide the moral framework that guides interpersonal relationships and fosters societal harmony.

In the realm of culture, Vietnam Buddhism plays a central role in rituals and traditions. Buddhist temples and pagodas serve as not only places of worship but also as community centers for gatherings, meditation, and spiritual guidance.

Furthermore, Vietnam Buddhism has significantly impacted the country's art, literature, and architecture. Intricate temple carvings, ornate statues, and poetic expressions often bear the influence of Buddhist themes and symbols.

The reach of Buddhism extends to social welfare, as Buddhist monasteries and organizations actively engage in charitable activities. They provide education, healthcare, and support to marginalized communities, embodying the compassionate spirit of Buddhism.

Temples and Pagodas

Architectural Marvels Embedded in Spiritual Tradition

Religious architecture in Vietnam encompasses various structures, including pagodas, towers, temples, and tombs. Pagodas are considered the focal points for the operation and propagation of Buddhism. They come in different types, such as the Dinh type with five or seven apartments, and the Cong character, also known as inner Cong and outer Nation, which consists of a central monument surrounded by separate structures or a courtyard.

Temples, on the other hand, are dedicated to Taoism and honor legendary gods or individuals. While their external architecture may resemble pagodas, the interior decorations and honoring practices differ.

Van Mieu, Tu Mieu, and Van Chi represent Confucianism during the Confucius Period. The Van Mieu - Quoc Tu Giam complex, situated on the North-South axis, features Van Chuong Lake in front. The main gate comprises four pillars with steles on each side. The Van Mieu gate adopts a three-step architectural style, with three prominent Chinese characters, "Van Mieu Mon" (Gate of Van Mieu).

Tomb architecture encompasses old mausoleums and tombs, with some ethnic groups having charnel houses. There are two types of tombs: those for ordinary individuals and those for followers of Buddhism. Burnt bricks with dimensions of 40x30 centimeters are commonly used, while decorative elements may include pumelo section bricks and S-shaped bricks.

Etiquette and Customs at Buddhist Temples

Respect and Devotion

Visitors to Buddhist temples are expected to observe certain customs and etiquette. It is customary to remove shoes before entering a temple, and proper attire is essential. Hats should be taken off, and short sleeve shirts, short pants, and skirts are generally considered inappropriate, although foreigners are often allowed some leeway. Some cultures require shoes to be removed upon entering the temple grounds, while others only mandate it inside shrines or pagodas. Washing feet before entering a temple is also a common practice.

When navigating Buddhist monuments, it is customary to walk clockwise, ensuring that the religious landmarks remain on the right side. Although this practice is more prevalent in Tibet and the Himalayan regions than in Southeast Asia, it is still worth observing. Taking photos during prayers and meditation is generally discouraged. Permission should be sought before taking any photographs, and the use of flash is usually prohibited. Buddha images are considered sacred, and it is inappropriate to pose in front of them or point one's feet towards them. While sitting, many Vietnamese adopt the "mermaid pose" to keep both feet pointed towards the rear.

Prayer is an essential aspect of temple visits, often involving prostration or bowing with hands clasped to the forehead. Devotees make prayers after offering a coin in an offering box and presenting flowers, fruits, or other items. Many individuals visit different altars, lighting incense and praying at each one. Others bow and sprinkle water, symbolizing life. Some even kowtow before shrines, bending down and stretching three times.

When conversing with a monk, it is customary to have one's head lower than theirs. This can be achieved by bowing slightly or sitting down. If a monk is seated, it is appropriate to sit as well. Women should refrain from touching monks or handing objects directly to them; instead, they should place the object on a table or nearby surface. In larger temples, donations can be made in designated boxes near the entrance. If there are no such boxes, leaving money on the floor is an acceptable alternative.

Significant Annual Events in Vietnamese Buddhism

A Tapestry of Devotion

To gain deeper insights into Vietnamese Buddhism, one must observe the significant celebrations that occur throughout the year. It is important to note that these events follow the lunar calendar rather than the Gregorian calendar.

Here are some of the most important celebrations in Vietnamese Buddhism during the lunar year:

• Lunar New Year (Tết): This major Vietnamese holiday sees Buddhists offering prayers and making offerings at temples to seek blessings and good fortune for the upcoming year.

• Buddha's Birthday (Vesak): Celebrated on the full moon day of the fourth lunar month, Vesak commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and passing of Buddha. Devotees engage in traditional Vietnamese Buddhist rituals, processions, and acts of kindness.

• Ghost Festival (Vu Lan): Held on the 15th day of the seventh lunar month, Vu Lan is dedicated to honoring ancestors and paying respects to deceased relatives. Buddhists perform rituals and make offerings for the spirits.

• Ulambana Festival: Celebrated during the seventh lunar month, Ulambana focuses on honoring departed ancestors and practicing filial piety. Buddhists offer food, robes, and other necessities to monks and the needy.

• Quan The Am Festival: This prominent occasion in Vietnamese Buddhism is dedicated to honoring the compassionate bodhisattva Quan The Am. The festival features lively processions, elaborate rituals, and cultural performances that attract both locals and visitors.

These celebrations mark significant milestones in the Buddhist calendar. They provide opportunities for practitioners and the community to come together, express their devotion, and deepen their understanding of Buddhist teachings.

In conclusion, Buddhism holds a paramount position in Vietnamese culture, influencing the lives of its people in multifaceted ways. From its historical roots to its profound impact on art, architecture, and societal welfare, Buddhism has left an indelible mark on the spiritual heritage of Vietnam. By observing customs at temples and participating in significant celebrations, one can gain a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of Vietnamese Buddhism.